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| References toBIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SYNANTHROPIC
  DIPTERA(Contacts)      [Additional references
  may be found at:  MELVYL Library]     Ables, J. R. 
  1977.  The occurrence of an
  imported parasite Tachinaephagus
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  Hymenopterous parasitoids associated with poultry manure.  Environ. Entomol. 3:  884-86.   Ables, J. R. & M. Shepard.  1974b. 
  Responses and competition of the parasitoids Spalangia endius
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  Pteromalidae) at different densities of house fly pupae.  Canad. Entomol. 106:  825-30.   Ables, J. R. & M. Shepard.  1976. 
  Seasonal abundance and activity of indigenous hymenopterous
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  108:  841-44.   Aizawa, K.
  & M. Ohba.  1985.  Screening of effective Bacillus thuringiensis isolates other than subspecies israelensis for mosquito and
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  & M. S. Mulla.  1983.  Evaluation of the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala, as a predator of chironomid midges and
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  Mosquito News 43:  46-49.   Alio, A. Y., A. Isaq & L. F. Delfini.  1985. 
  Field trial on the impact of Oreochromis
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  transmission in northern Somalia. 
  WHO/VBC/85.910.  p. 18.   Amonkar, S. F. 
  1969.  Fresh water algae and
  their metabolites as a means of biological control of mosquitoes.  Ph.D. Thesis, University of California,
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  Mosquito control with active principle of garlic Allium sativum.  J. Econ.
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  Exotic dung beetles in pasture and range land ecosystems.  Calif. Agr. 32:  31-32.   Anderson, J. R. & J. O. Washburn.  1989a. 
  Mass production, field release, and persistence of Lambornella clarki, a parasite of Aedes sierrensis.  Annu.
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  p. 26-28.   Anderson, J. R. & J. O. Washburn.  1989b. 
  Field release, persistence, and impact of Lambornella clarki
  on natural populations of Aedes
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  Quantifying the impact of Lambornella
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  Life cycle and impact of the pathogen, Lambornella clarki
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  1986a.  Life cycle of the
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  Washburn.  1989.  The character of compounds that mediate Lambornella clarki parasitism of Aedes sierrensis larvae, p. 42-43.  In:  L. N. Lewis & B. F. Eldridge (eds.),
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  80 p.   Anderson, L. D. & A. A. Ingram.  1960. 
  Preliminary report on the chironomid midge project of the Los Angeles
  Flood Control District water spreading grounds of the Rio Hondo and San
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  99-102.   Andriescu, I. & K. Fabritius.  1981. 
  Eupteromalus terginae sp. n. (Hymenoptera,
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  Encapsulation of the mosquito fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum
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  Role of parasites and predators as biological control agents in
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  hybridization and heterosis in parasitoids of synanthropic flies.  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 65:  254-63.   Legner, E. F. 
  1976.  Low storage temperature
  effects the reproductive potential of three parasites of Musca domestica.  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 69:  435-41.   Legner, E. F. 1977a.  Response of Culex
  spp. larvae and their natural insect predators to two inoculation rates with Dugesia dorotocephala (Woodworth) in shallow ponds.  Mosq. News 37:  435-40.   Legner, E. F. 
  1977b.  Temperature, humidity
  and depth of habitat influencing host destruction and fecundity of muscoid
  fly parasites.  Entomophaga 22:  199-206.   Legner, E. F. 
  1978a.  Natural enemies
  imported in California for the biological control of face fly, Musca autumnalis DeGeer, and horn fly, Haematobia irritans
  (L.).  Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr.
  Assoc., Inc. 46:  77-9.   Legner, E. F. 
  1978b.  Efforts to control Hydrilla verticillata Royle with herbivorous Tilapia zillii
  (Gervais) in Imperial County irrigation canals.  Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr. Assoc. 46:  103-04.   Legner, E. F. 
  1978c.  Mass culture of Tilapia zillii (Cichlidae) in pond ecosystems.  Entomophaga 23:  51-56.   Legner, E. F. 1978d.  Part I:  Parasites and
  predators introduced against arthropod pests.  Diptera.  In:  Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and
  Weeds:  a world review.  C. P. Clausen (ed.).  pp. 335-39; 346-55.  Agric. Handbk. No. 480, ARS, USDA, U. S.
  Govt. Printing Off., Wash., D.C.  545
  p.   Legner, E. F. 
  1979a.  Advancements in the use
  of flatworms for biological mosquito control.  Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr. Assoc. 47:  42-43.   Legner, E. F. 
  1979b.  Considerations in the
  management of Tilapia for
  biological aquatic weed control. 
  Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 47: 
  44-5.   Legner, E. F. 
  1981.  Improving commercial
  biological control of filth flies with parasites, p. 5-10.   In:  Patterson, R. S., P. G. Koehler, P. B.
  Morgan & R. L. Harris (eds.), Status of Biological Control of Filth
  Flies.  Proc. Workshop, Feb. 4-5,
  1981, Gainesville, Florida.  Sci.
  Educ. Admin., USDA, Washington, D.C. 
  212 p.   Legner, E. F. 
  1983a.  Requirements for
  appraisal of the true role of parasitic insects in the natural control of
  synanthropic Diptera.  Proc. Calif.
  Mosq. Vect. Contr. Assoc., Inc. 51: 
  97-8.   Legner, E. F. 
  1983b.  Imported cichlid
  behavior in California, pp. 8-13. 
  Proc. Intern. Symp. on Tilapia
  in Aquaculture, Nazareth, Israel, 8-13 May, 1983.  Tel Aviv Univ. Publ. p. 59-63.   Legner, E. F. 
  1986a.  Importation of exotic
  natural enemies.  pp. 19-30.  In:  J. M. Franz (ed.), "Biological
  Control of Plant Pests and of Vectors of Human and Animal
  Diseases."  Fortschritte der
  Zool. Bd. 32:  341 p.   Legner, E. F. 
  1986b.  The requirement for
  reassessment of interactions among dung beetles, symbovine flies and natural
  enemies, p. 120-131.  In:  Biological Control of Muscoid Flies (R. S. Patterson & D.
  A. Rutz. eds.).  Entomol. Soc. Amer.
  Misc. Publ. 61.  174 p.   Legner, E. F. 
  1986c.  Trapping efficiency of
  exophilous synanthropic Diptera increased through considerations of
  behavior.  Proc. Calif. Mosq. &
  Vect. Contr. Assoc. 54:  160-62.   Legner, E. F. 
  1987a.  Inheritance of
  gregarious and solitary oviposition in Muscidifurax
  raptorellus  Kogan & Legner (Hymenoptera:
  Pteromalidae).  Canad. Entomol.
  119:  791-808.   Legner, E. F. 
  1987b.  Some quantitative
  aspects of inheritance in breeding synanthropic fly parasitoids.  Bull. Soc. Vect. Ecol. 12:  528-33.   Legner, E. F. 
  1988a.  Muscidifurax raptorellus
  (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) females exhibit postmating oviposition behavior
  typical of the male genome.  Ann.
  Entomol. Soc. Amer. 81:  522-27.   Legner, E. F. 
  1988b.  Hybridization in
  principal parasitoids of synanthropic Diptera:  the genus Muscidifurax
  (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). 
  Hilgardia 56(4):  36 p.   Legner, E. F. 
  1989.  Fly parasitic wasp, Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan & Legner (Hymenoptera:
  Pteromalidae) invigorated through insemination by males of different
  races.  Bull. Soc. Vect. Ecol.
  14:  291-300.   Legner, E. F. 
  1991.  Formidable position of
  turbellarians as biological mosquito control agents.  Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr. Assoc.
  59:  82-5.    Legner, E. F. 
  1993.  Theory for quantitative
  inheritance of behavior in a protelean parasitoid, Muscidifurax raptorellus
  (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).  Eur. J.
  Entomol. 90:  11-21.   261.   Legner,
  E. F.  1995.  Biological control of Diptera of medical and veterinary
  importance.  J. Vector Ecology 20(1):
  59-120.   267.   Legner, E. F.  2000.  Biological control of aquatic
  Diptera.  p. 847-870.  Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic
  Diptera, Vol. 1, Science  Herald,
  Budapest.  978 p.   Legner, E. F. & M. E. Badgley.  1982. 
  Improved parasites for filth fly control.  Calif. Agric. 36(9-10): 
  27.   Legner, E. F. & E. C. Bay.  1970a. 
  Dynamics of Hippelates
  eye gnat breeding in the southwest. 
  Calif. Agric. 24(5):  1, 4-6.   Legner, E. F. & E. C. Bay.  1970b. 
  The introduction of natural enemies in California for the biological
  control of noxious flies and gnats. 
  Proc. 37th Ann. Conf. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., Inc.:  126-29.   Legner, E. F. & W. R. Bowen.  1973. 
  Influence of available poultry manure breeding habitat on emergence
  density of synanthropic flies (Diptera). 
  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 66: 
  533-38.   Legner, E. F. & H. W. Brydon.  1966. 
  Suppression of dung-inhabiting fly populations by pupal parasites.
  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 59:  638-51.   Legner, E. F. & E. J. Dietrick.  1972. 
  Inundation with parasitic insects to control filth breeding flies in
  California.  Proc. Calif. Mosq.
  Control. Assoc. 40:  129-30.   Legner, E. F. & E. J. Dietrick.  1974. 
  Effectiveness of supervised control practices in lowering population
  densities of synanthropic flies on poultry ranches.  Entomophaga 19:  467-78.   Legner, E. F. & T. W. Fisher.  1980. 
  Impact of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) on Potamogeton pectinatus L., Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens Jepson, and
  mosquito reproduction in lower Colorado desert irrigation canals.  Acta. Oecologica, Oecol. Appl., 1:  3-14.   Legner, E. F. & D. Gerling.  1967. 
  Host-feeding and oviposition on Musca
  domestica by Spalangia cameroni, Nasonia
  vitripennis, and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera:
  Pteromalidae) influences their longevity and fecundity.  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 60:  678-91.   Legner, E. F. & D. J. Greathead.  1969. 
  Parasitism of pupae in East African populations of Musca domestica and Stomoxys
  calcitrans.  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62:  128-33.   Legner, E. F. & C. W. McCoy.  1966. 
  The housefly, Musca domestica Linnaeus, as an
  exotic species in the Western Hemisphere incites biological control
  studies.  Canad. Entomol. 98:  243-48.   Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved.  1972. 
  Predators investigated for the biological control of mosquitoes and
  midges at the University of California, Riverside.  Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 40:  109-11.   Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved.  1973a. 
  Influence of Tilapia mossambica (Peters), T. zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) and Mollienesia latipinna
  LeSueur (Poeciliidae) on pond populations of Culex mosquitoes and chironomid midges.  Mosq. News 33:  354-64.   Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved.  1973b. 
  Predation of mosquitoes and chironomid midges in ponds by Tilapia zillii (Gervais) and T.
  mossambica (Peters)
  (Teleosteii: Cichlidae).  Proc. Calif.
  Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 41:  119-21.   Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved.  1973c. 
  Influence of Tilapia mossambica (Peters), T. zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) and Mollienesia latipinna
  LeSueur (Poeciliidae) on pond populations of Culex mosquitoes and chironomid midges.   Mosq. News 33:  354-64.   Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved.  1974a. 
  The native desert pupfish, Cyprinodon
  macularius Baird and Girard,
  a substitute for Gambusia in
  mosquito control?  Proc. Calif. Mosq.
  Contr. Assoc. 42:  58-9.   Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved.  1974b. 
  Laboratory and small-scale field experiments with planaria
  (Tricladida, Turbellaria) as biological mosquito control agents.  Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 42:  79-80.   Legner, E. F. & C. A. Murray.  1981. 
  Feeding rates and growth of the fish Tilapia zillii
  (Cichlidae) on Hydrilla verticillata, Potamogeton pectinatus and Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens, and interactions
  in irrigation canals of southeastern California.  Mosq. News 41:  241-50.   Legner, E. F. & G. S. Olton.  1968a. 
  The biological method and integrated control of house and stable flies
  in California.  Calif. Agric.
  22(6):  1-4.   Legner, E. F. & G. S. Olton.  1968b. 
  Activity of parasites from Diptera: 
  Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans,
  and species of Fannia, Muscina, and Ophyra II.  at sites in the Eastern Hemisphere and
  Pacific area.  Ann. Entomol. Soc.
  Amer. 61:  1306-14.   Legner, E. F. & G. S. Olton.  1969. 
  Migrations of Hippelates
  collusor larvae from
  moisture and trophic stimuli and their encounter by Trybliographa parasites. 
  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62:  136-41. Legner, E. F. & G. S. Olton.  1970. 
  Worldwide survey and comparison of adult predator and scavenger insect
  populations associated with domestic animal manure where livestock is
  artificially congregated.  Hilgardia
  40(9):  225-66.   Legner, E. F. & G. S. Olton.  1971. 
  Distribution and relative abundance of dipterous pupae and their
  parasitoids in accumulations of domestic animal manure in the southwestern
  United States.  Hilgardia 40(14):  505-35.   Legner, E. F. & G. S. Olton.  1975. 
  Filth fly sources in decaying melon fields in southern California's
  low deserts.  Calif. Agric.
  29(12):  10-11.   Legner, E. F. & F. W. Pelsue, Jr.  1980. 
  Bioconversion:  Tilapia fish turn insects and
  weeds into edible protein.  Calif.
  Agric. 34(11-12):  13-14.   Legner, E. F. & F. W. Pelsue, Jr.  1983. 
  Contemporary appraisal of the population dynamics of introduced
  cichlid fish in south California. 
  Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 51: 
  38-39.   Legner, E. F. & J. H. Poorbaugh, Jr.  1972. 
  Biological control of vector and noxious synanthropic flies:  a review. 
  Calif. State Dept. Publ. Health Vector Views 19(11):  81-100.   Legner, E. F. & R. D. Sjogren.  1984. 
  Biological mosquito control furthered by advances in technology and
  research.  Mosq. News 44:  449-56.   Legner, E. F. & R. D. Sjogren.  1985. 
  Biological mosquito control: 
  broader recognition of past successes and future emphases.  Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr. Assoc.,
  Inc. 52:  102-07.   Legner, E. F. & S.-C. Tsai.  1978. 
  Increasing fission rate of the planarian mosquito predator, Dugesia dorotocephala, through biological filtration.  Entomophaga 23:  293-98.   Legner, E. F. & R. W. Warkentin.  1990. 
  Rationale for the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon
  macularius, as a complement
  to Gambusia in mosquito
  control.  Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr.
  Assoc., Inc. 57:  142-45.   Legner, E. F. & R. W. Warkentin.  1991. 
  Influence of Onthophagus
  gazella on hornfly, Haematobia irritans density in irrigated pastures.  Entomophaga 36:  547-53.   Legner, E. F., E. C. Bay, H. W. Brydon & C.
  W. McCoy.  1966.  Research with parasites for biological
  control of house flies in southern California.  Calif. Agric. 20(4): 
  10-12.   Legner, E. F., E. C. Bay and E. B. White.  1967. 
  Activity of parasites from Diptera: Musca domestica,
  Stomoxys calcitrans, Fannia canicularis, and F.
  femoralis, at sites in the
  Western Hemisphere.  Ann. Entomol.
  Soc. Amer. 60:  462-68.   Legner, E. F., R. D. Sjogren & J. T.
  Wiles.  1970.  Effects of low biuret urea on natural
  populations of Hippelates collusor (Townsend) and Leptoconops kerteszi (Kieffer).  Mosq. News 30:  634-40.   Legner, E. F., R. D. Sjogren & I. M.
  Hall.  1974a.  The biological control of medically
  important arthropods.  Crit. Rev. in
  Environ. Contr. 4(1):  85-113.   Legner, E. F., B. B. Sugerman, Hyo-sok Yu, and
  H. Lum.  1974b.  Biological and integrated control of the
  bush fly, Musca sorbens Wiedemann and other
  filth breeding Diptera in Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands.  Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 1:  1-14.   Legner, E. F., R. A. Medved & W. J.
  Hauser.  1975a.  Predation by the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius on Culex
  mosquitoes and benthic chironomid midges. 
  Entomophaga 20:  23-30.   Legner, E. F., W. R. Bowen, W. F. Rooney, W. D.
  McKeen & G. W. Johnston.  1975b.  Integrated fly control on poultry
  ranches.  Calif. Agric. 29(5):  8-10.   Legner, E. F., G. S. Olton, R. E. Eastwood
  & E. J. Dietrick.  1975.  Seasonal density, distribution and
  interactions of predatory and scavenger arthropods in accumulating poultry
  wastes in coastal and interior southern California.  Entomophaga 20: 269-83.   162.   Legner, E. F., I. Moore
  & G. S. Olton.  1976.  Tabular keys and biological notes to
  common parasitoids and synanthropic Diptera breeding in accumulated animal
  wastes.  Entomol. News 87(3 &
  4):  113-144.   Legner, E. F., T.-C. Tsai & R. A.
  Medved.  1976b.  Environmental stimulants to asexual
  reproduction in the planarian, Dugesia
  dorotocephala.  Entomophaga 21:  415-23.   Legner, E. F. , R. A. Medved & F.
  Pelsue.  1980a.  Changes in chironomid breeding patterns in
  a paved river channel following adaptation of cichlids of the Tilapia mossambica-hornorum
  complex.  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer.
  73:  293-99.   Legner, E. F., D. J. Greathead & I. Moore.  1980b. 
  Population density fluctuations of predatory and scavenger arthropods
  in accumulating bovine excrement of three age classes in equatorial East
  Africa.  Bull. Soc. Vect. Ecol.
  5:  23-44.   Legner, E. F., D. J. Greathead & I.
  Moore.  1981.  Equatorial East African predatory and
  scavenger arthropods in bovine excrement. 
  Environ. Entomol. 10:  620-25.   Legner, E. F., W. D. McKeen & R. W.
  Warkentin.  1990.  Inoculation of three pteromalid wasp
  species (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) increases parasitism and mortality of Musca domestica L. pupae in poultry manure.  Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 15(2):  149-155.   Lenhoff, H. M. 
  1978.  The hydra as a
  biological mosquito control agent. 
  Mosq. Contr. Res. Univ. Calif. Annu. Rept.  p. 58-61.   Lenhoff, M. H. & R. D. Brown.  1970. 
  Mass culture of hydra: 
  improved method and application to other invertebrates.  Lab. Anim. 4:  139-54.   Levy, R. & T. W. Miller, Jr.  1978a. 
  Tolerance of the planarian Dugesia
  dorotocephala to high
  concentrations of pesticides and growth regulators.  Entomophaga 23:  31-34.   Levy, R. & T. W. Miller, Jr.  1978b. 
  Effect of chloride concentration of some mosquito habitats of
  southwest Florida on the planarian Dugesia
  dorotocephala.  Proc. Fla. Anti-Mosq. Assoc. 49:  20-22.   Levy, R., B. C. Hertlein, J. J. Peterson, D. W.
  Doggett & T. W. Miller, Jr. 
  1979.  Aerial application of Romanomermis culicivorax (Mermithidae:
  Nematoda) to control Anopheles
  and Culex mosquitoes in
  southwest Florida.  Mosq. News
  39:  20-25.   Lindquist, A. W.  1933.  Amounts of dung
  buried and soil excavated by certain Coprini (Scarabaeidae).  J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 6:  109-23.   Lindquist, A. W.  1936.  Parasites of horn
  fly and other flies breeding in dung. 
  J. Econ. Entomol. 29: 
  1154-58.  [Rev. Appl. Entomol.
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  of an indigenous blowfly parasite, Alysia
  ridibunda Say, into Uvalde
  County, Texas.  Ann. Entomol. Soc.
  Amer. 33:  103-12.   Lindquist, A. W.  1943.  Ants as predators
  of Cochliomyia americana C. & P.  J. Econ. Entomol. 35:  850-52.   Lloyd, L. 
  1987.  An alternative to insect
  control by "mosquitofish" Gambusia
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  Rawson.  1927.  Experiments in the control of the
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  1981.  30 years-- an education
  in filth fly control, p. 160-67.  In:  Patterson, R. S., P. G. Koehler, P. B. Morgan & R. L.
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  presence of other microbes on production and survival of Lagenidium giganteum
  (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) zoospores. 
  J. Invertebr. Pathol. 45: 
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  Solute effects on Lagenidium
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  and bioassay reproductibility.  J.
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  The effects of culture medium quality and host passage on
  zoosporogenesis, oosporogenesis and infectivity of Lagenidium giganteum
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  1968.  An attempt at
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